Jun-Yeop Song na wenzake walitengeneza mfumo unaolenga kuharakisha uponaji wa jeraha kwa kuunganisha cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) na organic light-emitting diode-based photodynamic therapy (OLED-PDT) katika jukwaa moja linalonyumbulika la electroceutical. Sehemu ya CAP ya platform hutumia silver mesh electrode iliyopachikwa ndani ya polymer, huku sehemu ya bio-OLED yenye unene wa takriban 10 µm ikitumia symmetric organic/inorganic encapsulation na two vertically stacked OLED units. Bio-OLED patch iliweza kutoa optical power ya takriban 35 mW/cm² chini ya 7 V, LT70 lifetime ya fully encapsulated device katika 35 mW/cm² operating condition ilifikia takriban saa 115, na kifaa kilionyesha performance nzuri katika mechanical/environmental durability tests. Katika 5 mm full-thickness skin wounds zilizotengenezwa kwa mice, baada ya six-day treatment wound-healing rate ilikuwa %81,5 ± 9,25 katika CAP+OLED-PDT group, ikilinganishwa na %57,11 ± 3,82 katika OLED-PDT-only group na %57,2 ± 8,3 katika CAP-only group. Combined application pia iliongeza neovascularization, cell proliferation na collagen deposition. Mechanism experiments ziliunga mkono kwamba CAP huongeza skin penetration ya photosensitizer ALA; combined application huongeza ROS na NO generation katika dermis na kuactivate TGF-β/SMAD signaling. Hata hivyo, kwa kuwa therapeutic efficacy imeonyeshwa hasa katika mouse wound model, utafiti huu si evidence ya clinical treatment efficacy au long-term safety kwa humans.

Kwa mtazamo wa Uturuki, utafiti hauna direct clinical application outcome. Thamani ya kazi iko zaidi katika kuonyesha kwamba flexible electronics, plasma medicine, photodynamic therapy na wound biology vinaweza kuunganishwa katika platform moja. Ili mfumo kama huu ubadilishwe kuwa medical product nchini Uturuki, human-skin safety, dose optimization, sterilization, long-term biocompatibility, manufacturing reproducibility na clinical studies lazima zifanywe kando.

Tatizo kuu la utafiti ni nini?

Reactive oxygen na nitrogen species, yaani ROS na RNS, zinahusishwa na processes kama cellular signaling, infection control, angiogenesis na tissue remodeling wakati wa wound healing. Hata hivyo, uncontrolled au excessive generation ya reactive species inaweza kusababisha oxidative damage; pia short lifetime na limited diffusion distance zake zinaweza kufanya spatial na temporal control ya treatment kuwa ngumu.

Watafiti walijaribu kutatua tatizo hili kwa kuunganisha two different physical treatment technologies:

• CAP: huzalisha reactive oxygen na nitrogen species na inaweza kufanya skin barrier kuwa more permeable kwa muda.
• OLED-based PDT: huactivate photosensitizer substance kwa light ya wavelength fulani na kuwezesha controlled ROS generation.

Main hypothesis ya utafiti ni kwamba CAP kuongeza skin permeability na ALA penetration kunaweza kuimarisha effect ya OLED-PDT katika deeper tissues; hivyo wound healing yenye nguvu zaidi kuliko effect ya kila method peke yake inaweza kutokea.

Platform inafanyaje kazi kweli kama “all-in-one”?

Katika Figure 1 ya utafiti, CAP na bio-OLED patches zinaonyeshwa kama two stacked flexible electronic layers. CAP patch huzalisha plasma na reactive species juu ya skin, huku bio-OLED iliyo chini au inayotumika pamoja ikitoa red light.

Lengo la architecture hii ni kuunganisha two thin, flexible treatment layers zinazoweza conform na body katika same system badala ya kutumia separate laboratory devices kwa mfuatano.

Figure 1 pia inaonyesha kwa kina process ya kuembed metal mesh structure ya CAP electrode ndani ya polymer na multilayer symmetric encapsulation architecture ya bio-OLED.

Engineering innovation kuu ya CAP patch ni nini?

Watafiti walitengeneza fabrication method waliyoita “metal-embedding flexible CAP” au MEFC. Ag honeycomb mesh electrodes zenye thickness ya takriban 5 µm na width ya 50 µm ziliundwa kwa screen printing juu ya hydrophobized glass, kisha electrode structure ikaembed ndani ya UV-cured polymer.

Embedding process hii inalenga kufanya electrode isiwe electrical conductor tu, bali structure iliyolindwa dhidi ya mechanical deformation na humid environment.

CAP patch ilikuwa durable kwa kiwango gani?

Baada ya 10.000 bending cycles katika curvature radius ya 4 mm, resistance change ya embedded Ag mesh electrode ilikuwa:

• takriban %10 katika tension direction,
• takriban %5 katika compression direction

.

Pia katika environmental test ya 85°C na %85 relative humidity, embedded electrode haikuonyesha significant resistance change kwa siku nane. Source inaonyesha kwamba non-embedded mesh electrode ilikuwa na mechanical na environmental performance dhaifu zaidi katika tests hizo hizo.

CAP ilizalisha reactive species zipi?

Wakati gas-phase products za CAP patch zilipopimwa katika discharge voltage ya 2,8 kV, ozone concentration iliongezeka haraka na kufikia saturation karibu 376,7 ppb.

NO concentration ilibaki chini ya 3 ppb, huku NO₂ ikipanda hadi takriban 37,8 ppb.

Values hizi ni za device-characterization conditions. CAP protocol katika mouse wound treatment ilikuwa 2,4 kV kwa dakika tano; si same experiment na value ya 2,8 kV katika device characterization.

Kwa nini bio-OLED si OLED ya kawaida?

Kwa OLED inayolenga direct au near-skin application, kuzalisha light pekee haitoshi. Device lazima iwe ultrathin, flexible, resistant to water and oxygen, capable of high optical power at low voltage na ifanye kazi chini ya mechanical deformation.

Watafiti walitengeneza bio-OLED patch yenye unene wa takriban 10 µm na symmetric encapsulation.

Light source hutumia structure ya VSOLED iliyoundwa kwa two red OLED units zilizostackiwa vertically. Lengo ni kusambaza electrical stress kati ya two OLED layers na kupata high optical power kwa lower device stress.

Kwa nini encapsulation system ni changamani?

Biocompatible parylene-C ilitumika kama outer layer. Hata hivyo, kwa kuwa surface ya parylene-C peke yake haiwezi kutoa surface sufficiently smooth kwa OLED wala sufficiently strong barrier dhidi ya water vapor, silamer na Al₂O₃/TiO₂ nanolaminate layers zilizotengenezwa kwa ALD ziliongezwa.

Al₂O₃/TiO₂ nanolaminate iliundwa kwa kurudia sublayers za takriban 1 nm Al₂O₃ na 1 nm TiO₂.

Katika optimized NSNSP barrier structure, water-vapor transmission rate ilipunguzwa hadi takriban:

10⁻⁶ g·m⁻²·siku⁻¹

. Katika Al₂O₃-dominant comparison structure, values za takriban 10⁻⁴ g·m⁻²·siku⁻¹ zilionekana.

Symmetric encapsulation ilitoa nini mechanically?

Freestanding tensile test results katika Figure 2 ya utafiti zinaonyesha kwamba kuweka brittle inorganic layers symmetrically kati ya flexible organic layers huongeza deformation capacity.

Maximum elongation ya takriban %2,85 katika SNSNS structure ni deformation capacity takriban mara tano zaidi kuliko SN/NSN structure.

Waandishi wanaeleza hili kwa stress kusambazwa kwenye area pana kutokana na increased crack density katika multilayer structure na kupungua kwa stress intensity kwenye crack tip.

Optical power ya bio-OLED ilikuwa kiasi gani?

Bio-OLED ilitoa light katika red region yenye wavelength ya takriban 630 nm.

Patch iliweza kufikia:

• takriban 35 mW/cm² chini ya 7 V,
• takriban 70 mW/cm² katika takriban 7,5 V

ya optical power density.

Value iliyotumika katika mouse wound experiment si maximum power hii. Experimental Section 4.8 na Figure 4 zinatoa real in vivo OLED dose ya 20 mW/cm², dakika 20.

Bio-OLED ilifanya kazi kwa muda gani?

LT70 times hadi light output kushuka hadi %70 ya initial value wakati wa kutoa constant optical power ya 35 mW/cm² zilikuwa:

Fully encapsulated OLED pia haikuonyesha significant light loss baada ya 100 cycles katika bending radius ya 0,4 mm.

Katika room conditions, hakuna significant degradation iliyoonekana baada ya storage ya siku 35; katika underwater test fully encapsulated patch ilihifadhi function yake hadi siku 18. Kauli ya “siku 14” katika abstract haibatilishi longer 18-day measurement katika results section; source results zinaonyesha test ya muda mrefu zaidi.

Je, OLED iliweza kweli kuzalisha photodynamic ROS?

Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green experiment ilionyesha kwamba OLED light inaweza kuongeza singlet oxygen generation pamoja na photosensitizer system.

Baada ya dakika 35 za irradiation:

• katika 25 mW/cm² condition, singlet oxygen signal iliongezeka takriban mara 2,95,
• katika 35 mW/cm² condition, takriban mara 3,61

.

Animal experiment iliundwaje?

Utafiti ulitumia total 40 six-week-old female C57BL/6 mice. Animals ziligawanywa katika five groups, kila group ikiwa na mice eight:

1. Intact: group bila wound na bila treatment,
2. Ctrl: control group yenye wound lakini bila treatment,
3. OLED-PDT,
4. CAP,
5. CAP+OLED-PDT.

Kwenye dorsal skin ya mice, 5 mm diameter full-thickness skin wound iliundwa kwa biopsy punch.

Treatment protocol ilikuwa nini?

Katika OLED-PDT group, 20 µL ya %10 ALA solution iliwekwa kwa kila wound na dark incubation ya dakika 20 ilifanywa.

Kisha:

• CAP: dakika 5 katika 2,4 kV,
• OLED: dakika 20 katika 20 mW/cm²

zilitumika.

Procedures zilirudiwa once daily kwa siku sita na animals zilitathminiwa day 6.

Kwa nini 25 mW/cm² inatajwa pia kando katika source?

Katika device na optical-dose discussion ya article, condition ya 25 mW/cm² kwa dakika 20 imetajwa kutoa cellular response katika preliminary experiments. Hata hivyo, Figure 4 ya mouse experiment na Experimental Section 4.8 zinatoa wazi in vivo dose ya 20 mW/cm².

Kwa hiyo Verianla hutumia 20 mW/cm² kama actual dose ya animal experiment; haiunganishi values hizi mbili kama same experiment.

Matokeo ya wound closure yalikuwa yapi?

Katika siku ya sita:

OLED-PDT na CAP monotherapies hazikuonyesha statistically significant difference dhidi ya control group katika mchakato wa wound healing.

CAP+OLED-PDT group ilionyesha faster healing tendency kuliko control group kati ya days 3–6; katika day 6 healing rate ya combined treatment ilikuwa significantly higher kuliko both OLED-PDT na CAP monotherapy groups.

“Synergistic effect” inapaswa kutafsiriwaje kisayansi?

Source inaita stronger result ya combined group dhidi ya two monotherapies kuwa “synergistic therapeutic effect”.

Hata hivyo, article haitoi specific synergy index au factorial interaction coefficient inayopima formal interaction ya CAP na PDT quantitatively. Kwa hiyo study inaonyesha directly kwamba combination ni stronger kuliko monotherapies, lakini haikokotoi kando magnitude ya synergy katika classic pharmacological meaning.

Angiogenesis ilibadilikaje?

H&E na VEGFA analyses zilionyesha kwamba dermal blood-vessel count katika CAP+OLED-PDT group ilikuwa higher kuliko other groups katika day 6.

Katika group hiyo hiyo:

• VEGFA-positive area,
• Vegfa mRNA expression,
• epidermal na dermal thickness

zilikuwa higher kuliko control na monotherapy groups.

OLED-PDT au CAP alone hazikuleta significant difference dhidi ya control group katika vascularization measures hizi.

Nini kilionekana katika cell proliferation?

PCNA-positive keratinocyte count na Mki67 mRNA expression ziliongezeka katika combined CAP+OLED-PDT group.

Result hii inaunga mkono kwamba proliferative response katika wound region ilikuwa stronger katika combination treatment.

Je, collagen deposition iliongezeka?

Katika Sirius red staining, collagen-positive area ya CAP+OLED-PDT group ilikuwa higher kuliko other groups.

Pia:

• α-SMA protein level,
• Acta2 mRNA,
• Col1a1 mRNA

ziliongezeka katika combined treatment group.

Findings hizi zinaunga mkono interpretation ya waandishi kwamba wound remodeling iliendelea kwa nguvu zaidi katika combined treatment.

RNA-seq ilionyesha nini?

Bulk RNA sequencing ilifanywa kwa kutumia samples four each kutoka wound tissue za control na CAP+OLED-PDT groups.

t-SNE analysis ilitenganisha groups mbili wazi. Differential genes zilitathminiwa katika dedicated RNA-seq methods section kwa criteria:

adjusted p < 0,05 na |fold change| > 2

.

GSEA results zilionyesha enrichment hasa katika programs zinazohusiana na:

• matrix metalloproteinases,
• oxidative-stress responses,
• TGF-β signaling,
• extracellular-matrix degradation na remodeling,
• collagen-fibril formation na crosslinking

.

Kwa nini RNA-seq statistics inahitaji note?

Experimental Section 4.12 inasema wazi kwamba differential genes zilianalyzed kwa DESeq2 na Wald test na fgsea ilitumika kwa GSEA. Kwa upande mwingine, general Statistical Analysis section pia inaorodhesha Figure 7b, bila kutarajiwa, miongoni mwa figures zilizotumia two-way ANOVA.

Descriptions hizi mbili hazipatani kwa same analysis. Kwa kuwa RNA-seq-specific method na Figure 7 description ni more specific, Verianla inawasilisha differential-gene analysis kama DESeq2/Wald, lakini haifichi contradiction katika general-statistics note ya source.

Je, CAP iliongeza penetration ya photosensitizer?

Source inaonyesha kwamba ALA ilikusanyika zaidi katika epidermis na dermis baada ya CAP pretreatment.

Katika Franz diffusion-cell experiment, steady-state flux ya ALA kupitia membrane ilikuwa mara 5,6 higher baada ya CAP.

Hata hivyo, results section inaita test hii “human skin permeability”, wakati methods section inatoa material iliyotumika kama “Micropig Franz Cell Membrane”. Kwa hiyo Verianla haiwasilishi experiment hii kama verified human-cadaver-skin study; kuna inconsistency katika material description ya source.

Kwa nini ROS na NO ni muhimu?

CAP, OLED-PDT na combined treatment ziliweza kuunda similar ROS responses katika epidermis; lakini katika CAP+OLED-PDT group high ROS signal ilionekana katika both superficial na deep dermis.

NO fluorescence pia ilikuwa higher katika combined-treatment group kuliko monotherapies katika both epidermis na dermis.

In vitro experiments katika NIH-3T3 fibroblasts pia ziliunga mkono kwamba ROS na NO generation katika CAP+OLED-PDT group ilikuwa higher kuliko single treatments.

TGF-β/SMAD mechanism ilijaribiwaje?

Katika combined treatment group, TGF-β1 protein na mRNA levels ziliongezeka, na levels za phosphorylated SMAD2 na SMAD3, ambazo ni downstream elements za TGF-β signaling, pia ziliongezeka.

Ili mechanism isibaki correlation pekee, ROS/NO scavengers na TGF-β inhibitor zilitumika pia katika NIH-3T3 scratch-wound model.

CAP+OLED-PDT katika normal condition iliongeza expression ya:

• Tgfb1,
• Acta2,
• Col1a1,
• Vegfa

, huku ROS/NO scavengers au TGF-β inhibitor zikiondoa increase hii kwa kiasi kikubwa.

Experiments hizi zinatoa strong support kwamba RONS–TGF-β axis ina functional role katika wound-healing mechanism inayopendekezwa na waandishi. Hata hivyo, inhibitor experiments zilifanywa katika cell culture; haijaonyeshwa kwamba mechanism inafanya kazi kwa same magnitude katika human wounds.

Je, calcium signaling pia ilihusika katika mechanism?

Source ilijaribu possibility hii kando. Hakuna significant difference iliyoonekana kati ya treatment groups katika ORAI1, ORAI2, ORAI3 na TRPV4 levels; CAP, OLED-PDT au combination application pia haikuongeza intracellular calcium level katika NIH-3T3 cells.

Kwa hiyo katika current experimental conditions, waandishi hawaelezi accelerated wound healing kwa increased calcium entry.

Nini kilipatikana kuhusu safety?

Katika treatment conditions zilizotumika katika utafiti, hakuna difference katika cell viability iliyoonekana katika HDFa human dermal fibroblasts baada ya CAP, OLED-PDT na combined application.

Katika histological evaluation ya mouse skin, hakuna obvious abnormalities kama:

• necrosis,
• scar,
• hyperplasia,
• burn,
• edema

zilizoripotiwa.

Hakuna significant difference ilipatikana katika ALT na AST serum values; IgE na mast-cell evaluations pia hazikuonyesha group difference kuelekea allergic au immune reaction.

Result hii inaonyesha tu kwamba hakuna safety signal iliyoonekana katika short-term experimental conditions zilizotumika. Long-term toxicity, human-skin irritation, chronic use, infected human wound au repeated clinical-use safety hazijajaribiwa.

Matokeo yanayoungwa mkono na utafiti

• Flexible CAP na ultrathin bio-OLED systems ziliweza kuunganishwa katika hybrid electroceutical architecture moja.
• Polymer-embedded Ag mesh electrode ilionyesha mechanical-electrical stability katika high number of bending cycles na hot/humid environment.
• Symmetric organic/inorganic OLED encapsulation structure iliongeza mechanical flexibility na environmental durability.
• Bio-OLED iliweza kutoa power density ya takriban 35 mW/cm² chini ya 7 V.
• LT70 lifetime ya fully encapsulated bio-OLED ni takriban saa 115.
• Katika mouse wound model, CAP+OLED-PDT treatment ilitoa higher wound closure kuliko two monotherapies katika day 6.
• Combined treatment iliongeza measures zinazohusiana na neovascularization, cell proliferation na collagen deposition.
• CAP pretreatment iliongeza ALA transport na combined treatment ikaongeza dermal ROS/NO signal.
• TGF-β/SMAD activation na inhibitor experiments zinaunga mkono RONS–TGF-β axis kama sehemu muhimu ya proposed mechanism.

Matokeo ambayo utafiti haujathibitisha au haujaonyesha bado

• Haijaonyeshwa kwamba hybrid patch huponya wounds kwa haraka zaidi katika humans.
• Clinical safety, dose range au efficacy kwa humans havijathibitishwa.
• Performance katika chronic, diabetic, infected au large human wounds haijajaribiwa.
• Long-term na repeated-use safety haijaonyeshwa.
• Quantitative synergy index katika classic pharmacological meaning haijakokotolewa kwa two methods.
• Katika ex vivo ALA permeability experiment, methods section haithibitishi wazi kwamba membrane iliyotumika ni human skin.
• Six-day healing results katika mouse model hazitoi conclusion kuhusu complete wound closure au long-term scar quality.
• Device mass production, sterilization validation au regulatory medical-device approval si mada ya utafiti.

Mbinu na Matokeo ya Utafiti

Main components za experimental system

In vivo protocol

Histological na molecular analyses

Katika wound region, epidermis na dermis thickness, vessel density na general tissue morphology zilitathminiwa kwa H&E.

PCNA immunohistochemistry ilitumika kwa keratinocyte proliferation; VEGFA immunohistochemistry kwa vascularization; Sirius red staining kwa collagen deposition.

Expression ya targets kama Mki67, Vegfa, Acta2, Col1a1 na Tgfb1 ilipimwa kwa qPCR. Katika Western blot analysis α-SMA, TGF-β1, SMAD2/3 na phosphorylated SMAD2/3 zilitathminiwa.

Transcriptomic method

Kutoka control na CAP+OLED-PDT wound tissues, n=4 samples kwa kila group ziliingizwa katika bulk RNA-seq analysis.

RNA-seq data ziliprocessiwa katika R 4.4.2 environment. Differential gene expression ilitathminiwa kwa DESeq2 v1.46.0 na Wald test.

DEG criteria:

• Padj < 0,05,
• |FC| > 2.

GSEA ilifanywa kwa fgsea v1.28.0 kwa kutumia 100.000 permutations; GO Biological Process, WikiPathways na Reactome data sets zilitumika.

Statistical analysis

Experimental biological data ziliripotiwa kama mean ± standard deviation. Kulingana na general statistics section, one-way ANOVA na Tukey post-hoc test zilitumika katika most experiments; two-way ANOVA na Tukey test zilitumika kwa wound-healing time series. Significance threshold iliwekwa P<0,05.

RNA-seq differential-gene analysis, hata hivyo, imefafanuliwa katika RNA-seq-specific methods section ya article kama DESeq2 Wald test. General statistics section pia inaorodhesha Figure 7b miongoni mwa figures za two-way ANOVA, na hii inaunda source-internal methodological inconsistency.

Mechanism chain inayopendekezwa katika source

Figure 9 ya utafiti inaunganisha results za waandishi kwa mechanistic chain ifuatayo:

CAP → kuongezeka kwa skin permeability → kuongezeka kwa ALA penetration → more dermal ROS/NO kwa OLED-PDT → TGF-β/SMAD activation → cell proliferation + vascularization + collagen deposition → accelerated wound closure.

Baadhi ya stages za chain hii zinaungwa mkono na direct experiments: ALA permeability test, ROS/NO fluorescence, TGF-β/SMAD protein na mRNA measurements na scavenger/inhibitor cell experiments. Hata hivyo, entire chain haijavalidishwa clinically katika human wound.

Nguvu za utafiti

• Device engineering na biological efficacy zilitathminiwa katika same study.
• CAP na OLED zililinganishwa kama separate monotherapy groups dhidi ya combination.
• Macroscopic wound closure iliungwa mkono na histology, immunohistochemistry na molecular markers.
• System-level transcriptomic validation ilifanywa kwa RNA-seq.
• RONS na TGF-β mechanism zilijaribiwa functionally kwa scavenger/inhibitor experiments.
• Mechanical na environmental reliability ya OLED na CAP patches ilicharacterizewa independently na treatment outcomes.

Mapungufu makuu

• In vivo therapeutic evaluation ilifanywa katika mice pekee.
• Animal follow-up iliisha day 6; long-term wound quality na scar properties hazikutathminiwa.
• Study inajaribu specific CAP na OLED doses pekee; haitoi broad dose-response matrix.
• Formal mathematical synergy analysis haikufanywa.
• Katika ex vivo skin-permeability section, human/micropig material description si consistent.
• Kuna source-internal method inconsistency katika RNA-seq statistics description.
• Long-term medical-device safety, sterilization, clinical-use reproducibility na human tolerance hazikutathminiwa.
• Wording ya waandishi ya “clinically promising” haijavalidishwa kwa human clinical trial.

Maelezo ya Chanzo na Mbinu

Jina kamili la original study: Synergistic All-in-One Electroceutical Platform Utilizing a Plasma–Photodynamic Hybrid Approach for Enhanced Wound Healing

Authors: Jun-Yeop Song; Hyun Cheol Bang; Young Hyun Son; Dae-In Ha; Eun-Ju Hong; Sun-Woo Lee; Jeongsook Kim; Doyeong Kim; Sang-Min Park; Kyu Pil Lee; Hyo-Jung Kwon; Jeong Hyun Kwon.

Equal contribution: Jun-Yeop Song na Hyun Cheol Bang contributed equally.

Corresponding authors: Hyo-Jung Kwon na Jeong Hyun Kwon.

Institutions: College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University; School of Semiconductor Engineering, Chungbuk National University; School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST; College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University.

DOI:10.1002/adfm.202531941

Journal: Advanced Functional Materials.

Volume / issue / article number: 36(34), e31941.

Publisher: Wiley-VCH GmbH.

Source type na peer-review status: Peer-reviewed experimental research article; inajumuisha flexible-electronics device development, mouse wound experiment, cell studies, ex vivo permeability na transcriptomic analysis.

Received: 19 December 2025.

Accepted: 7 January 2026.

First online publication: 21 January 2026 katika Wiley records.

Volume/issue date: 27 April 2026.

Official publication link:Wiley Online Library

Article correction note: Source ina correction note ikisema Figure 1 ilibadilishwa tarehe 29 January 2026 baada ya first online publication.

License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial open-access license.

Funding: Regional Innovation System & Education program, Chungbuk Regional Innovation System & Education Center na Ministry of Education/Chungcheongbuk-do kwa 2025-RISE-11-014-03; National Research Foundation of Korea na MSIT kwa RS-2025-02216753; pia Chungnam National University BK21 FOUR Program iliripoti support.

Ethics approval: Chungnam National University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, 202407A-CNU-147.

Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

Data availability: Data supporting findings zinasemekana kupatikana kutoka corresponding author upon reasonable request.

CRediT/author contributions: Reviewed main article text haina separate CRediT au detailed individual-author contribution section.

Source-internal correction na method notes

Figure 1 ya article ilibadilishwa tarehe 29 January 2026 baada ya first online publication, kulingana na editorial note katika source. Verianla ilitathmini study kwa current corrected source.

Kuna two different values katika source kuhusu OLED dose. Device/preliminary-experiment discussion inataja 25 mW/cm² kwa dakika 20, wakati Figure 4 na Experimental Section 4.8 zinaeleza mouse experiment kama 20 mW/cm² kwa dakika 20. Kwa hiyo 20 mW/cm² ilitumika kwa in vivo therapeutic findings.

Katika ex vivo permeation results, text inatumia phrase “human skin permeability”, wakati Experimental Section 4.18 inasema “Micropig Franz Cell Membrane”. Source hai-reconcile wazi expressions hizi mbili. Kwa hiyo Verianla haijatoa independent conclusion ya “5,6-fold increase in human skin” kutoka experiment hii.

RNA-seq methods section inafafanua differential-gene analysis wazi kama DESeq2/Wald test, wakati general statistics section inaorodhesha Figure 7b pia miongoni mwa figures za two-way ANOVA. Methodological conflict hii haijasahihishwa kimya kimya; RNA-seq-specific method imechukuliwa kuwa msingi.

Scientific interpretive limit

Strongest evidence ya study ni kwamba engineering-functional hybrid CAP–OLED system ilizalisha higher short-term wound closure pamoja na increased vascularization, proliferation na collagen deposition katika mouse wound model ikilinganishwa na two monotherapies.

Term ya “synergistic” inayotumiwa na source inategemea combined group kutoa stronger biological result kuliko monotherapies. Study haikokotoa classic pharmacological au mathematical synergy coefficient.

Safety results katika study zimewekewa mipaka na six-day experimental protocol, cell systems zilizotumika na short-term mouse evaluations. Hizi si long-term use safety au medical-device safety guarantee kwa humans.

Waandishi kuita hybrid system “clinically promising” ni interpretation kuhusu future application potential. Study haina human-patient clinical trial.

Biological, engineering na mechanistic findings katika Verianla article hii zinategemea uploaded original study. External sources zilitumika tu kwa bibliographic verification ya DOI, publication identity, issue date na journal peer-review status; hakuna new clinical, biological au device-performance data iliyoongezwa kutoka outside.