Jun-Yeop Song va hamkasblari cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) ni organic light-emitting diode asosidagi photodynamic therapy (OLED-PDT) bilan bir xil moslashuvchan electroceutical platformada birlashtirib, yara bitishini tezlashtirishga qaratilgan tizim ishlab chiqdilar. Platformaning CAP qismi polimer ichiga ko‘milgan silver mesh electrode dan foydalansa, taxminan 10 µm qalinlikdagi bio-OLED qismi symmetric organic/inorganic encapsulation va vertikal ustma-ust joylashtirilgan ikki OLED unitdan foydalanadi. Bio-OLED patch 7 V dan pastda taxminan 35 mW/cm² optical power ishlab chiqara oldi, to‘liq encapsulated deviceda 35 mW/cm² operating conditionda LT70 lifetime taxminan 115 soatga yetdi va mechanical/environmental durability testlarda kuchli performance ko‘rsatdi. Sichqonlarda yaratilgan 5 mm full-thickness skin woundsda olti kunlik treatment oxirida CAP+OLED-PDT guruhida wound-healing rate %81,5 ± 9,25 bo‘lsa, faqat OLED-PDT guruhida %57,11 ± 3,82 va faqat CAP guruhida %57,2 ± 8,3 o‘lchandi. Combined application neovascularization, cell proliferation va collagen depositionni ham oshirdi. Mechanism experiments CAP photosensitizer ALA ning skin penetrationini oshirishini; combined application dermisda ROS va NO generationni ko‘paytirib TGF-β/SMAD signalingni aktivlashtirishini qo‘llab-quvvatladi. Biroq therapeutic efficacy asosan mouse wound modelda ko‘rsatilgani sabab u humansda clinical treatment efficacy yoki long-term safety evidence emas.

Turkiya nuqtayi nazaridan tadqiqotning direct clinical application outcomei yo‘q. Ishning qadri ko‘proq flexible electronics, plasma medicine, photodynamic therapy va wound biologyni bitta platformada birlashtirish mumkinligini ko‘rsatishidadir. Turkiyada o‘xshash systemni medical productga aylantirish uchun human-skin safety, dose optimization, sterilization, long-term biocompatibility, manufacturing reproducibility va clinical studies alohida bajarilishi kerak.

Tadqiqotning asosiy muammosi nima?

Reactive oxygen va nitrogen species, ya’ni ROS va RNS, wound healing vaqtida cellular signaling, infection control, angiogenesis va tissue remodeling kabi jarayonlar bilan bog‘liq. Biroq reactive speciesning nazoratsiz yoki ortiqcha generationi oxidative damagega olib kelishi mumkin; bundan tashqari ularning short lifetime va limited diffusion distance davolashning spatial va temporal controlini qiyinlashtirishi mumkin.

Tadqiqotchilar bu muammoni ikki xil physical treatment technologyni birlashtirib hal qilishga uringanlar:

• CAP: reactive oxygen va nitrogen species ishlab chiqaradi va vaqtincha skin barrierni more permeable qilishi mumkin.
• OLED-based PDT: photosensitizer moddani ma’lum wavelengthdagi light bilan activate qilib controlled ROS generationni ta’minlaydi.

Tadqiqotning asosiy hypothesisiga ko‘ra, CAP skin permeability va ALA penetrationni oshirib OLED-PDTning deeper tissuesdagi effectini kuchaytirishi mumkin; shu tariqa ikki methodning alohida ta’siridan kuchliroq wound healing yuzaga kelishi mumkin.

Platform haqiqatan “all-in-one” qanday ishlaydi?

Tadqiqotning Figure 1ida CAP va bio-OLED patches ustma-ust joylashtirilgan ikki flexible electronic layer sifatida ko‘rsatiladi. CAP patch skin ustida plasma va reactive species hosil qiladi, pastdagi yoki birgalikda ishlatiladigan bio-OLED esa red light ishlab chiqaradi.

Bu architecture ning maqsadi alohida laboratory devicesni ketma-ket ishlatish o‘rniga tanaga moslasha oladigan thin va flexible two treatment layersni same systemda birlashtirishdir.

Figure 1da CAP electrodening metal mesh structure polimerga embed qilinish jarayoni va bio-OLEDning multilayer symmetric encapsulation architecture si ham batafsil ko‘rsatilgan.

CAP patchning asosiy engineering innovationi nima?

Tadqiqotchilar “metal-embedding flexible CAP” yoki MEFC deb nomlagan fabrication method ishlab chiqdilar. Taxminan 5 µm qalinlik va 50 µm kenglikdagi Ag honeycomb mesh electrodes hydrophobized glass ustida screen printing bilan hosil qilingan, keyin electrode structure UV-cured polymer ichiga embed qilingan.

Bu embedding process electrodeni faqat electrical conductor emas, balki mechanical deformation va humid environmentga qarshi himoyalangan structure qilishni maqsad qiladi.

CAP patch qanchalik bardoshli edi?

4 mm curvature radiusda bajarilgan 10.000 bending cycles dan keyin embedded Ag mesh electrode resistance change:

• tension directionda taxminan %10,
• compression directionda taxminan %5

bo‘lib o‘lchangan.

Shuningdek, 85°C va %85 relative humidity conditiondagi environmental testda embedded electrode sakkiz kun davomida sezilarli resistance change ko‘rsatmagan. Source ayni testlarda non-embedded mesh electrode mechanical va environmental performance jihatdan zaifroq bo‘lganini ko‘rsatadi.

CAP qaysi reactive specieslarni ishlab chiqardi?

2,8 kV discharge voltageda CAP patch gas-phase products o‘lchanganda ozone concentration tez oshib, taxminan 376,7 ppb darajasida saturationga yetgan.

NO concentration 3 ppb dan past qolgan, NO₂ esa taxminan 37,8 ppb gacha ko‘tarilgan.

Bu values device-characterization conditionsga tegishli. Mouse wound treatmentdagi CAP protocol esa 2,4 kV va besh daqiqa qo‘llangan; device characterizationdagi 2,8 kV value bilan same experiment emas.

Bio-OLED nega oddiy OLED emas?

Direct yoki near-skin application uchun OLEDda faqat light generation yetarli emas. Device juda thin, flexible, water va oxygenga resistant, low voltageda high optical power ishlab chiqaradigan va mechanical deformation ostida ishlaydigan structurega ega bo‘lishi kerak.

Tadqiqotchilar taxminan 10 µm qalinlikdagi, symmetrically encapsulated bio-OLED patch ishlab chiqdilar.

Light source vertically stacked two red OLED unitsdan tashkil topgan VSOLED structuredan foydalanadi. Maqsad electrical stressni two OLED layers orasida taqsimlash va high optical powerni lower device stress bilan olishdir.

Encapsulation system nega murakkab?

Outer layerda biocompatible parylene-C ishlatilgan. Ammo parylene-C surface o‘zi OLED uchun yetarlicha smooth va water vapor uchun sufficiently strong barrier hosil qilmagani sabab silamer va ALD-produced Al₂O₃/TiO₂ nanolaminate layers qo‘shilgan.

Al₂O₃/TiO₂ nanolaminate taxminan 1 nm Al₂O₃ va 1 nm TiO₂ sublayersni takrorlash orqali hosil qilingan.

Optimized NSNSP barrier structureda water-vapor transmission rate taxminan:

10⁻⁶ g·m⁻²·kun⁻¹

darajasigacha tushirilgan. Al₂O₃-dominant comparison structureda esa taxminan 10⁻⁴ g·m⁻²·kun⁻¹ values kuzatilgan.

Symmetric encapsulation mechanically nima berdi?

Tadqiqotning Figure 2 dagi freestanding tensile test results brittle inorganic layersni flexible organic layers orasida symmetric joylashtirish deformation capacityni oshirishini ko‘rsatadi.

SNSNS structuredagi taxminan %2,85 maximum elongation SN/NSN structurega nisbatan taxminan besh marta higher deformation capacity.

Mualliflar buni multilayer structureda crack density oshishi bilan stressning wider areaga taqsimlanishi va crack-tip stress intensity kamayishi bilan izohlaydilar.

Bio-OLEDning optical poweri qancha edi?

Bio-OLED red regionda taxminan 630 nm wavelengthda light ishlab chiqardi.

Patch:

• 7 V dan pastda taxminan 35 mW/cm²,
• taxminan 7,5 V da taxminan 70 mW/cm²

optical power densityga erisha oldi.

Mouse wound experimentda ishlatilgan value bu maximum power emas. Experimental Section 4.8 va Figure 4 real in vivo OLED dose ni 20 mW/cm², 20 daqiqa deb beradi.

Bio-OLED qancha ishladi?

35 mW/cm² constant optical power ishlab chiqarishda light output initial valuening %70 iga tushguncha o‘tgan LT70 times:

Fully encapsulated OLED shuningdek 0,4 mm bending radiusda 100 cycles oxirida sezilarli light loss ko‘rsatmagan.

Room conditionsda 35 kun storage davomida sezilarli degradation kuzatilmagan; underwater testda fully encapsulated patch 18 kungacha functionini saqlagan. Abstractdagi “14 kun” statement results sectiondagi longer 18-day measurementni bekor qilmaydi; source results longer-duration testni ko‘rsatadi.

OLED haqiqatan photodynamic ROS ishlab chiqara oldimi?

Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green experiment OLED light photosensitizer system bilan singlet oxygen generationni oshirganini ko‘rsatdi.

35 daqiqa irradiationdan keyin:

• 25 mW/cm² conditionda singlet oxygen signal taxminan 2,95 marta,
• 35 mW/cm² conditionda taxminan 3,61 marta

oshdi.

Animal experiment qanday design qilindi?

Tadqiqotda jami 40 ta olti haftalik urg‘ochi C57BL/6 sichqon ishlatilgan. Animals besh groupga bo‘lingan va har groupda sakkiz sichqon bo‘lgan:

1. Intact: wound yaratilmagan va treatment qilinmagan group,
2. Ctrl: wound yaratilgan, lekin treatment qilinmagan control,
3. OLED-PDT,
4. CAP,
5. CAP+OLED-PDT.

Sichqonlarning dorsal skinida biopsy punch bilan 5 mm diameter full-thickness skin wound yaratilgan.

Treatment protocol nima edi?

OLED-PDT groupda har wound uchun %10 ALA solutiondan 20 µL qo‘llanib, 20 daqiqa dark incubation qilingan.

Keyin:

• CAP: 2,4 kV da 5 daqiqa,
• OLED: 20 mW/cm² da 20 daqiqa

qo‘llangan.

Procedures olti kun davomida kuniga bir marta takrorlangan va animals 6-kuni baholangan.

Nega source da 25 mW/cm² ham alohida uchraydi?

Article device va optical-dose discussionda 25 mW/cm² va 20-minute irradiation condition preliminary experimentsda cellular response hosil qilgani aytiladi. Biroq mouse experiment Figure 4 va Experimental Section 4.8 in vivo dose ni aniq 20 mW/cm² deb beradi.

Shu sabab Verianla animal experimentning real dose uchun 20 mW/cm² value ni ishlatadi; two valuesni same experimentdek birlashtirmaydi.

Wound closure natijasi qanday edi?

Oltinchi kunda:

OLED-PDT va CAP monotherapies wound healing davomida control groupga nisbatan statistically significant difference ko‘rsatmagan.

CAP+OLED-PDT group esa 3–6-kunlarda control groupdan tezroq healing tendency ko‘rsatgan; 6-kunda combined treatment healing rate ham OLED-PDT, ham CAP monotherapy groupsdan significantly higher bo‘lgan.

“Synergistic effect” ilmiy jihatdan qanday talqin qilinishi kerak?

Source combined group ikki monotherapydan stronger result berganini “synergistic therapeutic effect” deb ataydi.

Biroq articleda CAP va PDTning formal interactionini quantitatively o‘lchaydigan maxsus synergy index yoki factorial interaction coefficient berilmagan. Shu sabab tadqiqot combination monotherapiesdan stronger ekanini direct ko‘rsatadi, lekin klassik pharmacological ma’nodagi synergy magnitude ni alohida quantify qilmaydi.

Angiogenesis qanday o‘zgardi?

H&E va VEGFA analyses CAP+OLED-PDT groupda day 6 dermal blood-vessel count boshqa groupsdan higher ekanini ko‘rsatdi.

Ayni groupda:

• VEGFA-positive area,
• Vegfa mRNA expression,
• epidermal va dermal thickness

control va monotherapy groupsdan higher bo‘lgan.

OLED-PDT yoki CAPni alone qo‘llash bu vascularization measuresda control groupga nisbatan significant difference hosil qilmagan.

Cell proliferationda nima ko‘rildi?

PCNA-positive keratinocyte count va Mki67 mRNA expression combined CAP+OLED-PDT groupda oshgan.

Bu result wound sitedagi proliferative response combination treatmentda stronger ekanini qo‘llab-quvvatlaydi.

Collagen deposition oshdimi?

Sirius red stainingda CAP+OLED-PDT group collagen-positive area boshqa groupsdan higher bo‘lgan.

Shuningdek:

• α-SMA protein level,
• Acta2 mRNA,
• Col1a1 mRNA

combined treatment groupda oshgan.

Bu findings mualliflarning wound remodeling combined treatmentda stronger kechgan degan interpretationini qo‘llab-quvvatlaydi.

RNA-seq nimani ko‘rsatdi?

Wound tissue dan control va CAP+OLED-PDT groupsda to‘rttadan sample ishlatilib bulk RNA sequencing bajarilgan.

t-SNE analysis ikki groupni aniq ajratgan. Differential genes maxsus RNA-seq methods sectionda:

adjusted p < 0,05 va |fold change| > 2

criteria bilan baholangan.

GSEA resultsda ayniqsa:

• matrix metalloproteinases,
• oxidative-stress responses,
• TGF-β signaling,
• extracellular-matrix degradation va remodeling,
• collagen-fibril formation va crosslinking

bilan bog‘liq programs enriched bo‘lgani ko‘rilgan.

Nega RNA-seq statisticsda note kerak?

Experimental Section 4.12 differential genesni aniq DESeq2 va Wald test bilan tahlil qilganini va GSEA uchun fgsea ishlatilganini bildiradi. Bunga qarshi general Statistical Analysis section Figure 7b ni kutilmaganda two-way ANOVA qo‘llangan figures orasida ham sanaydi.

Bu ikki description same analysis uchun compatible emas. RNA-seq-specific method va Figure 7 legend more specific bo‘lgani sabab Verianla differential-gene analysisni DESeq2/Wald sifatida beradi, ammo source ichidagi general-statistics note ziddiyatini yashirmaydi.

CAP photosensitizer penetrationni oshirdimi?

Source CAP pretreatmentdan keyin ALA epidermis va dermisda ko‘proq accumulated bo‘lganini ko‘rsatadi.

Franz diffusion-cell experimentda CAPdan keyin ALA steady-state flux membrane bo‘ylab 5,6 marta higher bo‘lgan.

Biroq results section bu testni “human skin permeability” deb atasa, methods section ishlatilgan materialni “Micropig Franz Cell Membrane” deb beradi. Shu sabab Verianla bu experimentni verified human-cadaver-skin study sifatida taqdim etmaydi; source material descriptionida inconsistency bor.

ROS va NO nega muhim?

CAP, OLED-PDT va combined treatment epidermisda o‘xshash ROS responses hosil qila olgan; ammo CAP+OLED-PDT groupda high ROS signal both superficial va deep dermisda ko‘rilgan.

NO fluorescence ham combined-treatment groupda both epidermis va dermisda monotherapiesdan higher bo‘lgan.

NIH-3T3 fibroblastsda bajarilgan in vitro experiments ham CAP+OLED-PDT groupda ROS va NO generation single treatmentsdan higher ekanini qo‘llab-quvvatlagan.

TGF-β/SMAD mechanism qanday test qilindi?

Combined treatment groupda TGF-β1 protein va mRNA levels oshgan, shuningdek TGF-β signaling downstream elements bo‘lgan phosphorylated SMAD2 va SMAD3 levels ham ko‘paygan.

Mechanismni faqat correlation bilan cheklamaslik uchun NIH-3T3 scratch-wound modelda ROS/NO scavengers va TGF-β inhibitor ham ishlatilgan.

CAP+OLED-PDT normal conditionda:

• Tgfb1,
• Acta2,
• Col1a1,
• Vegfa

expressionni oshirgan, ROS/NO scavengers yoki TGF-β inhibitor esa bu increase ni sezilarli ravishda yo‘q qilgan.

Bu experiments RONS–TGF-β axis mualliflar taklif qilgan wound-healing mechanismda functional role o‘ynashiga strong support beradi. Biroq inhibitor experiments cell cultureda bajarilgan; human woundsda mechanism same magnitude da ishlashi ko‘rsatilmagan.

Calcium signaling ham mechanismga qo‘shildimi?

Source bu imkoniyatni ham alohida test qilgan. ORAI1, ORAI2, ORAI3 va TRPV4 levelsda treatment groups orasida significant difference kuzatilmagan; NIH-3T3 cellsda ham CAP, OLED-PDT yoki combination application intracellular calcium levelni oshirmagan.

Shu sabab current experimental conditionsda mualliflar accelerated wound healingni increased calcium entry bilan izohlamaydilar.

Safety jihatdan nima topildi?

Tadqiqotda ishlatilgan treatment conditionsda HDFa human dermal fibroblastsda CAP, OLED-PDT va combined applicationdan keyin cell viabilityda difference kuzatilmagan.

Mouse skindagi histological evaluationda:

• necrosis,
• scar,
• hyperplasia,
• burn,
• edema

kabi obvious abnormalities reported emas.

ALT va AST serum valuesda significant difference topilmagan; IgE va mast-cell evaluationsda ham allergic yoki immune reaction yo‘nalishida group difference kuzatilmagan.

Bu result faqat tadqiqotdagi short-term experimental conditionsda safety signal ko‘rilmaganini anglatadi. Long-term toxicity, human-skin irritation, chronic use, infected human wound yoki repeated clinical-use safety test qilinmagan.

Tadqiqot qo‘llab-quvvatlaydigan natijalar

• Flexible CAP va ultrathin bio-OLED systems bitta hybrid electroceutical architectureda birlashtirila olgan.
• Polymer-embedded Ag mesh electrode ko‘p bending cycles va hot/humid environmentda mechanical-electrical stability ko‘rsatgan.
• Symmetric organic/inorganic OLED encapsulation structure mechanical flexibility va environmental durabilityni oshirgan.
• Bio-OLED 7 V dan pastda taxminan 35 mW/cm² power density ishlab chiqara olgan.
• Fully encapsulated bio-OLED LT70 lifetime taxminan 115 soat.
• Mouse wound modelda CAP+OLED-PDT treatment 6-kunda ikki monotherapydan higher wound closure bergan.
• Combined treatment neovascularization, cell proliferation va collagen deposition bilan bog‘liq measuresni oshirgan.
• CAP pretreatment ALA transportni oshirib, combined treatment dermal ROS/NO signalni kuchaytirgan.
• TGF-β/SMAD activation va inhibitor experiments RONS–TGF-β axisni proposed mechanismning muhim qismi sifatida qo‘llab-quvvatlaydi.

Tadqiqot isbotlamagan yoki hali ko‘rsatmagan natijalar

• Hybrid patch humansda woundsni tezroq heal qilishi ko‘rsatilmagan.
• Humansda clinical safety, dose range yoki efficacy isbotlanmagan.
• Chronic, diabetic, infected yoki large human woundsda performance test qilinmagan.
• Long-term va repeated-use safety ko‘rsatilmagan.
• Ikki method uchun classical pharmacological ma’noda quantitative synergy index hisoblanmagan.
• Ex vivo ALA permeability experiment methods sectionda ishlatilgan membrane human skin ekanligi aniq tasdiqlanmagan.
• Mouse modeldagi olti kunlik healing results complete wound closure yoki long-term scar quality haqida xulosa bermaydi.
• Device mass production, sterilization validation yoki regulatory medical-device approval tadqiqot mavzusi emas.

Tadqiqot Usuli va Natijalari

Experimental systemning asosiy componentsi

In vivo protocol

Histological va molecular analyses

Wound regionda H&E bilan epidermis va dermis thickness, vessel density va general tissue morphology baholangan.

PCNA immunohistochemistry keratinocyte proliferation; VEGFA immunohistochemistry vascularization; Sirius red staining collagen deposition uchun ishlatilgan.

qPCR bilan Mki67, Vegfa, Acta2, Col1a1 va Tgfb1 kabi targets expression o‘lchangan. Western blot analysisda α-SMA, TGF-β1, SMAD2/3 va phosphorylated SMAD2/3 baholangan.

Transcriptomic method

Control va CAP+OLED-PDT wound tissuesdan n=4 tadan sample bulk RNA-seq analysisga olingan.

RNA-seq data R 4.4.2 environmentda processed. Differential gene expression DESeq2 v1.46.0 va Wald test bilan baholangan.

DEG criteria:

• Padj < 0,05,
• |FC| > 2.

GSEA fgsea v1.28.0 bilan 100.000 permutations ishlatib bajarilgan; GO Biological Process, WikiPathways va Reactome data sets ishlatilgan.

Statistical analysis

Experimental biological data mean ± standard deviation sifatida reported. General statistics sectionga ko‘ra aksar experimentsda one-way ANOVA va Tukey post-hoc test ishlatilgan; wound-healing time series uchun two-way ANOVA va Tukey test qo‘llangan. Significance threshold P<0,05.

RNA-seq differential-gene analysis esa article RNA-seq-specific methods sectionda DESeq2 Wald test bilan aniqlangan. General statistics section Figure 7bni additionally two-way ANOVA applied figures orasida sanashi source ichida methodological inconsistency hosil qiladi.

Source taklif qilgan mechanism chain

Tadqiqotning Figure 9 mualliflar resultsni quyidagi mechanistic chain bilan birlashtiradi:

CAP → skin permeability oshishi → ALA penetration oshishi → OLED-PDT bilan ko‘proq dermal ROS/NO → TGF-β/SMAD activation → cell proliferation + vascularization + collagen deposition → accelerated wound closure.

Bu chainning ayrim steps direct experiments bilan qo‘llab-quvvatlangan: ALA permeability test, ROS/NO fluorescence, TGF-β/SMAD protein va mRNA measurements hamda scavenger/inhibitor cell experiments. Biroq full chain human woundda clinically validated emas.

Kuchli tomonlar

• Device engineering va biological efficacy same studyda baholangan.
• CAP va OLED separate monotherapy groups bilan combinationga qarshi taqqoslangan.
• Macroscopic wound closure histology, immunohistochemistry va molecular markers bilan qo‘llab-quvvatlangan.
• RNA-seq bilan system-level transcriptomic validation qilingan.
• RONS va TGF-β mechanism scavenger/inhibitor experiments bilan functionally test qilingan.
• OLED va CAP patches mechanical va environmental reliability treatment resultsdan independent characterize qilingan.

Asosiy cheklovlar

• In vivo therapeutic evaluation faqat mice da bajarilgan.
• Animal follow-up day 6da tugatilgan; long-term wound quality va scar properties baholanmagan.
• Tadqiqot faqat specific CAP va OLED dosesni test qiladi; broad dose-response matrix bermaydi.
• Formal mathematical synergy analysis bajarilmagan.
• Ex vivo skin-permeability sectionda materialning human/micropig descriptioni inconsistent.
• RNA-seq statistics descriptionda source-internal method inconsistency bor.
• Long-term medical-device safety, sterilization, clinical-use reproducibility va human tolerance baholanmagan.
• Mualliflarning “clinically promising” wordingi human clinical trial bilan validate qilinmagan.

Manba va Usul Haqida Izoh

To‘liq original study title: Synergistic All-in-One Electroceutical Platform Utilizing a Plasma–Photodynamic Hybrid Approach for Enhanced Wound Healing

Authors: Jun-Yeop Song; Hyun Cheol Bang; Young Hyun Son; Dae-In Ha; Eun-Ju Hong; Sun-Woo Lee; Jeongsook Kim; Doyeong Kim; Sang-Min Park; Kyu Pil Lee; Hyo-Jung Kwon; Jeong Hyun Kwon.

Equal contribution: Jun-Yeop Song va Hyun Cheol Bang contributed equally.

Corresponding authors: Hyo-Jung Kwon va Jeong Hyun Kwon.

Institutions: College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University; School of Semiconductor Engineering, Chungbuk National University; School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST; College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University.

DOI:10.1002/adfm.202531941

Journal: Advanced Functional Materials.

Volume / issue / article number: 36(34), e31941.

Publisher: Wiley-VCH GmbH.

Source type va peer-review status: Peer-reviewed experimental research article; flexible-electronics device development, mouse wound experiment, cell studies, ex vivo permeability va transcriptomic analysisni o‘z ichiga oladi.

Received: 19 December 2025.

Accepted: 7 January 2026.

First online publication: Wiley recordsda 21 January 2026.

Volume/issue date: 27 April 2026.

Official publication link:Wiley Online Library

Article correction note: Source Figure 1 first online publicationdan keyin 29 January 2026da changed bo‘lganini bildiruvchi correction note ni o‘z ichiga oladi.

License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial open-access license.

Funding: Regional Innovation System & Education program, Chungbuk Regional Innovation System & Education Center va Ministry of Education/Chungcheongbuk-do tomonidan 2025-RISE-11-014-03; National Research Foundation of Korea va MSIT tomonidan RS-2025-02216753; shuningdek Chungnam National University BK21 FOUR Program tomonidan support reported.

Ethics approval: Chungnam National University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, 202407A-CNU-147.

Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

Data availability: Data supporting findings corresponding authordan reasonable request asosida olinishi mumkinligi aytilgan.

CRediT/author contributions: Reviewed main article textda separate CRediT yoki detailed individual-author contribution section mavjud emas.

Source-internal correction va method notes

Article Figure 1 source editorial note ga ko‘ra 29 January 2026da first online publicationdan keyin changed. Verianla study current corrected source asosida baholangan.

OLED dose bo‘yicha source ichida two different values bor. Device/preliminary-experiment discussionda 25 mW/cm² va 20-minute condition keltirilgan, Figure 4 va Experimental Section 4.8 esa mouse experimentni 20 mW/cm² va 20 daqiqa deb beradi. Shu sabab in vivo therapeutic findings uchun 20 mW/cm² ishlatilgan.

Ex vivo permeation resultsda text “human skin permeability” iborasini ishlatadi, Experimental Section 4.18 esa “Micropig Franz Cell Membrane” deydi. Source bu two expressionsni aniq reconcile qilmaydi. Shu sabab Verianla experimentdan independent “human skinda 5,6-fold increase” xulosasini chiqarmaydi.

RNA-seq methods section differential-gene analysisni aniq DESeq2/Wald test deb belgilaydi, general statistics section esa Figure 7bni additionally two-way ANOVA applied figures orasida sanaydi. Bu methodological conflict jimlik bilan tuzatilmagan; RNA-seq-specific method primary deb olingan.

Scientific interpretive limit

Tadqiqotning strongest evidence engineering jihatdan functional hybrid CAP–OLED system mouse wound modelda two monotherapiesga nisbatan higher short-term wound closure bilan birga increased vascularization, proliferation va collagen deposition hosil qilganidir.

Source ishlatgan “synergistic” term combined group monotherapiesdan stronger biological result berganiga asoslanadi. Tadqiqot classical pharmacological yoki mathematical synergy coefficient hisoblamagan.

Studydagi safety results six-day experimental protocol, ishlatilgan cell systems va short-term mouse evaluations bilan cheklangan. Bular humansda long-term use safety yoki medical-device safety guarantee emas.

Mualliflarning hybrid systemni “clinically promising” deb atashi future application potential haqidagi interpretation. Tadqiqotda human patients bilan clinical study yo‘q.

Bu Verianla articledagi biological, engineering va mechanistic findings uploaded original studyga asoslanadi. External sources faqat DOI, publication identity, issue date va journal peer-review status bibliographic verification uchun ishlatilgan; tashqaridan new clinical, biological yoki device-performance data qo‘shilmagan.